Introduction

For a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan to work well, it is important to first identify and understand all possible food safety risks. To help with this key step, we have created several detailed hazard analysis tables that cover a wide range of contaminants.

The information below focuses specifically on mycotoxins. These are natural toxins made by certain types of mould, and they can be a serious chemical risk in many farm products and processed foods. The hazard table provided gives a complete overview, showing where contamination can come from, how to prevent it, and listing the important control points and checks needed to manage mycotoxins.

Because the table contains a lot of detailed information spread across many columns, it is best to download the file to see it properly.

What are mycotoxins?

A mycotoxin is a toxic substance produced by certain types of fungi, such as moulds. These fungi are common in the environment and can grow on various agricultural crops, including grains, nuts, and legumes, both before and after harvest. Consequently, mycotoxins can sometimes be found in food products made from these crops, such as bread or peanut butter.

To protect consumers, food products are closely monitored for the presence of mycotoxins through rigorous testing programs. Strict safety limits are enforced to ensure that any potential exposure is kept well below levels that could pose a health concern. Because of these robust control measures, the resulting health risk to the public is considered very low.

It is important to view this in perspective, as the significant health benefits of a balanced diet rich in grains, nuts, and legumes far outweigh the minimal risk associated with mycotoxins.

 

Mycotoxins Hazards Table

Mycotoxin Fungus Food products Health effects Preventive measures Regulation Comments
Aflatoxins Aspergillus spp. Cereals, nuts, spices, milk Liver cancer, acute poisoning Proper drying and storage, sorting of crops • Reg. (EU) 2023/915 Highly toxic and heat-stable.
Ochratoxin A (OTA) Aspergillus & Penicillium spp. Cereals, coffee, wine, spices Kidney damage, potential carcinogen Moisture control during storage • Reg. (EU) 2023/915 Can accumulate in the body over time.
Patulin Penicillium expansum & others Apples and apple products Gastrointestinal issues (nausea, vomiting) Using high-quality, undamaged fruit • Reg. (EU) 2023/915 An indicator of poor quality raw fruit.
Deoxynivalenol (DON) Fusarium spp. Wheat, maize, barley, oats Vomiting, diarrhoea, immune system effects Good agricultural practices, proper grain drying • Reg. (EU) 2023/915 Commonly known as "vomitoxin".
T-2 & HT-2 Toxins Fusarium spp. Oats, barley, wheat Severe damage to skin and digestive tract, immune suppression Good agricultural practices • Reg. (EU) 2023/915 Among the most toxic of the Fusarium toxins.
Zearalenone (ZEA) Fusarium spp. Maize, wheat, barley Hormonal and reproductive problems Good agricultural practices • Reg. (EU) 2023/915 Acts like the hormone estrogen.
Fumonisins Fusarium spp. Maize and maize products Probable carcinogen, toxic to nerves and liver Good agricultural practices, resistant crop varieties • Reg. (EU) 2023/915 Mainly a concern in maize-based diets.
Ergot Alkaloids Claviceps spp. Rye, wheat, triticale Causes ergotism (seizures, gangrene) Cleaning of grain to remove sclerotia (ergots) • Reg. (EU) 2023/915 Historically caused widespread poisoning epidemics.
Alternaria Toxins Alternaria spp. Cereals, tomatoes, sunflower seeds Potential genetic damage, acute toxicity Good agricultural practices No specific MLs set; monitoring recommended An "emerging" group of mycotoxins of growing concern.
Citrinin Penicillium, Aspergillus, Monascus spp. Grains, red yeast rice supplements Kidney damage Control of mould during storage and fermentation • Reg. (EU) 2023/915 Regulated only in red yeast rice supplements.
Sterigmatocystin Aspergillus spp. Cereals, coffee, cheese Liver cancer, genetic damage Good storage practices No specific MLs have been set A chemical precursor to aflatoxins.

Download and Print the Mycotoxins Hazards Table

Comprehensive compliance with iMIS Food

Please note that the hazard tables provided here are for informational purposes and serve as a general guide. iMIS Food Compliance offers significantly more detailed and robust hazard analyses that are essential for full regulatory compliance. For more information on our complete food safety solutions or to request a consultation, please get in touch via email or visit the following page

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